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  • ʿĀdil, al-Malik al- (Ayyūbid sultan)
    The strain of Frankish-Ayyūbid relations was relaxed under the reigns of al-ʿĀdil and al-Kāmil, Saladin’s brother and nephew, and in 1229 Jerusalem was ceded to the Christians. Although Ayyūbid factionalism had been quieted, al-Kāmil’s death in 1238 revived old family disputes, further weakening the dynasty. The Ayyūbid decline in Egyp...
  • ʿĀdil Shāhī dynasty (Indian dynasty)
    (1489–1686), ruling family of the kingdom of Bijāpur, India, one of the two principal successor states to the Muslim sultanate of Bahmanī in the Deccan. The dynasty strongly resisted the Mughal advance southward in the 17th century until it was extinguished by Aurangzeb with the capture of Bijāpur in 1686. It was named after its founder, Y...
  • Adilabad (India)
    city, northern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It is an agricultural-trade centre 160 miles (260 km) north of Hyderābād, on the Nāgpur-Hyderābād section of the Vārānasi-Kanniyākumāri National Highway. Nearby, at Māhūr (Mahārāshtra state), is a fort dating from the Bahmanī and ʿImād...
  • ʿĀdiliyyah Madrasah (building, Damascus, Syria)
    ...dominate mosque architecture. It is in the construction of new building types, particularly the madrasah, that the most originality is apparent. The Syrian madrasahs in Damascus, like al-ʿĀdilīyah, al-Ẓāhirīyah, or the works of Nureddin, tended also to follow a comparatively standardized plan: an elaborate facade led into a domed hallway a...
  • Ādinātha (Jaina saint)
    the first of the 24 Tirthankaras (“Ford-makers,” i.e., saviours) of Jainism, a religion of India. His name comes from the series of 14 auspicious dreams that his mother had, in which a bull (rishabha) appeared, before his birth. He is also known as Adinatha (“Lord of the Beginning”) and is portrayed by Jain legend as...
  • adion (chemistry)
    ...elementary positive charge. The adatoms therefore attract solvent molecules, and the species is partially solvated. This reaction justifies considering an adatom as a kind of adsorbed ion, called an adion, which, however, has already undergone partial discharge....
  • Adios (American racehorse)
    Notable American horses included the trotter Greyhound in the 1930s, the pacers Adios in the 1940s and his son Adios Butler in the 1950s, the pacer Bret Hanover and the trotter Nevele Pride in the 1960s, and the pacer Niatross retired to stud in 1981. The French trotting mare Une de Mai was at one time one of the leading money winning horses in purses....
  • Adios Butler (American racehorse)
    Notable American horses included the trotter Greyhound in the 1930s, the pacers Adios in the 1940s and his son Adios Butler in the 1950s, the pacer Bret Hanover and the trotter Nevele Pride in the 1960s, and the pacer Niatross retired to stud in 1981. The French trotting mare Une de Mai was at one time one of the leading money winning horses in purses....
  • adipic acid (chemical compound)
    ...five carbon atoms, behaves similarly to yield glutaric anhydride. These reactions produce five- and six-membered rings, respectively, which are in general the easiest ring sizes to produce. Because adipic (six carbons) and longer-chain dicarboxylic acids would give rings of seven or more members, heating of these acids does not generally lead to cyclic anhydrides, though this conversion......
  • adipocyte (biology)
    connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat. There are two types of adipose cells: white adipose cells contain large fat droplets, only a small amount of cytoplasm, and flattened, noncentrally located nuclei; and brown adipose cells contain fat droplets of differing size, a large amount of cytoplasm, nu...
  • adipose cell (biology)
    connective-tissue cell specialized to synthesize and contain large globules of fat. There are two types of adipose cells: white adipose cells contain large fat droplets, only a small amount of cytoplasm, and flattened, noncentrally located nuclei; and brown adipose cells contain fat droplets of differing size, a large amount of cytoplasm, nu...
  • adipose tissue (anatomy)
    Some organs are suspended from the wall of a body cavity by thin sheets of connective tissue called mesenteries; others are embedded in adipose tissue, a form of connective tissue in which the cells are specialized for the synthesis and storage of energy-rich reserves of fat, or lipid. The entire body is supported from within by a skeleton composed of bone, a type of connective tissue endowed......
  • adiposogenital dystrophy (medical disorder)
    rare childhood metabolic disorder characterized by obesity, growth retardation, and retarded development of the genital organs. It is usually associated with tumours of the hypothalamus, causing increased appetite and depressed secretion of gonadotropin. The disease is named for Alfred Fröhlich, the Austrian neurologist who first described its typical pattern....
  • adipsia (pathology)
    There are two disorders in which this regulatory mechanism is dysfunctional. The first is termed adipsia (hypodipsia) and is a rare disorder in which the brain’s thirst centre is damaged. Patients with adipsia have little or no sensation of thirst when they become dehydrated. These patients must be instructed, even forced, to drink fluid at regular intervals....
  • Ādipurāṇa (epic by Pampa)
    Pampa’s great work was the Ādipurāṇa (“First [or Original] Scriptures”), in which Jain teaching and tenets are expounded. Another epic of his creation is the Pampa-Bhārata (c. 950; Bhārata is both the ancient name for India and the name of a famous king), in which Pampa likened his royal master to the mythical hero Arjuna...
  • Adirondack Anorthosite (rock formation, Canada)
    ...of eastern Canada is underlain by anorthosite, the Saguenay Mass alone accounting for a tenth of this. The Morin Anorthosite in the same area occupies 2,600 square km (1,040 square miles), and the Adirondack Anorthosite is exposed over an area of about 3,900 square km (1,560 square miles). The Bushveld Complex underlies an area of about 50,000 square km (20,000 square miles); and the Great......
  • Adirondack Forest Preserve (park, New York, United States)
    ...miles (24,300 square km), making it the largest American state or national park outside of Alaska. The park covers almost one-fifth of the state and is about the size of Vermont. The state-owned Adirondack Forest Preserve now comprises some 3,900 square miles (10,100 square km) within the park and is a popular tourist area. The majority of the land in Adirondack Park, however, is privately......
  • Adirondack furniture (art)
    in decorative arts, any ruralizing influence; more precisely, a type of furniture made of wood or metal, the main components of which are carved and fretted to resemble the branches of trees. Stemming from the idealization of nature and the “simple life” that occurred in the mid-18th century, the vogue for this kind of product persisted well into the 20th century. It was especially p...
  • Adirondack Mountains (mountains, New York, United States)
    mountains in northeastern New York state, U.S. They extend southward from the St. Lawrence River valley and Lake Champlain to the Mohawk River valley. The mountains are only sparsely settled, and much of the area exists in a primitive natural state, protected by state law....
  • Adirondack Park (park, New York, United States)
    ...and Boreas rivers and Schroon and Paradox lakes; Lake Tear of the Clouds is regarded as the source of the Hudson River. The county, in the heart of the Adirondack Mountains, is entirely occupied by Adirondack Park (1892), which is one of the largest parks in the United States and the nation’s first forest preserve. Mount Marcy, in the central part of the county, is the highest point in t...
  • Adirondacks (mountains, New York, United States)
    mountains in northeastern New York state, U.S. They extend southward from the St. Lawrence River valley and Lake Champlain to the Mohawk River valley. The mountains are only sparsely settled, and much of the area exists in a primitive natural state, protected by state law....
  • Adis Abeba (Ethiopia)
    capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau surrounded by hills and mountains, in the geographic centre of the country....
  • Adisa, Gamba (American poet and author)
    African American poet, essayist, and autobiographer known for her passionate writings on lesbian feminism and racial issues....
  • Adishi Gospels (Georgian manuscript)
    The art of manuscript illumination flourished in Georgia from the 6th century onward, and numerous examples survive from all periods. Characteristic of the early works are two Gospel books, the Adishi Gospels (897) and the first set of Gospels of Dzhruchi (936–940). These are distinguished by their decorative treatment of draperies and their excellent drawing....
  • adit (mining)
    a horizontal or near-horizontal passage driven from the Earth’s surface into the side of a ridge or mountain for the purpose of working, ventilating, or removing water from a mine....
  • Aditi (Hindu deity)
    (Sanskrit: “The Boundless”), in the Vedic phase of Hindu mythology, the personification of the infinite, and mother of a group of celestial deities, the Ādityas. As a primeval goddess, she is referred to as the mother of many gods, including Vishnu in his dwarf incarnation and, in a later reappearance, Krishna. She supports the sky, sustains all existence, a...
  • Adityas (Vedic gods)
    (Sanskrit: “The Boundless”), in the Vedic phase of Hindu mythology, the personification of the infinite, and mother of a group of celestial deities, the Ādityas. As a primeval goddess, she is referred to as the mother of many gods, including Vishnu in his dwarf incarnation and, in a later reappearance, Krishna. She supports the sky, sustains all existence, and nourishes the......
  • Adıvar, Halide Edib (Turkish author)
    novelist and pioneer in the emancipation of women in Turkey....
  • Adivar, Halide Edip (Turkish author)
    novelist and pioneer in the emancipation of women in Turkey....
  • Ādivāsi (people)
    About four-fifths of the population consists of Ādivāsi tribal peoples, the most numerous being the Varli, Dhodia, and Koṅkaṇ, speaking a variety of tribal dialects. Gujarātī and Marāṭhī also are spoken in the region. The population is predominantly Hindu, with small Christian and Muslim minorities. Farming is the chief occupation, muc...
  • Adıyaman (Turkey)
    city located in a valley of southeastern Turkey. Founded in the 8th century by the Umayyad Arabs near the site of ancient Perre, Ḥiṣn Manṣūr was later fortified by Caliph Hārūn ar-Rashīd and became the chief town of the area, replacing Perre. Ruled successively by the Byzantines, Seljuq Turks, and the Turkmen Dulkadir dynasty afte...
  • Adıyaman (province, Turkey)
    ...Byzantines, Seljuq Turks, and the Turkmen Dulkadir dynasty after the Arabs, it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire near the end of the 14th century. Under the Turkish republic, it was renamed Adıyaman in 1926. The ruins of Perre are just to the north. The city is a local market for the agricultural products of the area....
  • Adja (people)
    ...of Porto-Novo the Goun (Gun) and the Yoruba (known in Pobé and Kétou as Nago, or Nagot) are so intermixed as to be hardly distinguishable. Among other southern groups are various Adja peoples, including the Aizo, the Holi, and the Mina....
  • Adjara (autonomous republic, Georgia)
    autonomous republic in Georgia, in the southwestern corner of that country, adjacent to the Black Sea and the Turkish frontier. It is largely mountainous with the exception of a narrow coastal strip. Batumi is the capital and largest city. Area 1,120 square miles (2,900 square km). Pop. (2002) 376,016; (2007 est.) 378,800....
  • adjective (grammar)
    ...is that nouns are further inflected obligatorily with suffixes to show definite or indefinite meaning: e.g., bukë “bread,” buka “the bread.” Adjectives—except numerals and certain quantifying expressions—and dependent nouns follow the noun they modify; and they are remarkable in requiring a particle preceding them that agre...
  • adjective law
    the law governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the state and the individual (the latter including groups, whether incorporated or not) enforce their rights in the several courts. Procedural law prescribes the means of enforcing rights or providing redress of wrongs and comprises rules about jurisdiction, pleading and practice, evidence, appeal, execution of judgments, ...
  • adjoint (French government)
    ...there are two “mini city halls” in each arrondissement. The city mayor is assisted by a local government of 27 adjoints, each with responsibility for a particular facet of government, such as town planning, culture, finance, employment, or transport, and by delegate councillors who assist the......
  • adjoint functor (mathematics)
    Of special interest in foundations and elsewhere are adjoint functors (F,G). These are pairs of functors between two categories and ℬ, which go in opposite directions such that a one-to-one correspondence exists between the set of arrows F(A) → B in ℬ and the set of arrows A → G(B) in —that is, such......
  • adjournment (chess)
    In major events a game was usually adjourned after the first five-hour session of play and resumed at a later time. Critics said this gave a player an unfair chance to consult colleagues, seconds, or, after 1980, even computers....
  • adjudication (law)
    ...the proceeds among the creditors. Various legal systems have vastly different approaches. The disparities relate mainly to the status of assets acquired by the bankrupt subsequent to his adjudication or conveyed away by him prior to that date....
  • adjunct (grammar)
    ...Buchmesse. In French one has no choice but to construct a phrase involving the use of two prepositions: Foire du Livre de Francfort. In English it is now possible to employ a plural noun as adjunct (modifier), as in “wages board” and “sports editor”; or even a conjunctional group, as in “prices and incomes policy” and “parks and gardens......
  • adjustable square (tool)
    ...including a square with shoulders that allowed it also to cast a mitre of 45 degrees. Iron squares were rarely used before 1800, and factory-made metal squares did not appear until 1835. The adjustable, or bevel, square was used for angles other than 90 degrees beginning in the 17th century. In the earliest examples, the thin blade moved stiffly because it was riveted into a slot in the......
  • adjustable wrench (tool)
    The adjustable pipe, or stillson, wrench is used to hold or turn pipes or circular bars. This wrench has serrated jaws, one of which is pivoted on the handle to create a strong gripping action on the work....
  • adjustment (psychology)
    in psychology, the behavioral process by which humans and other animals maintain an equilibrium among their various needs or between their needs and the obstacles of their environments. A sequence of adjustment begins when a need is felt and ends when it is satisfied. Hungry people, for example, are stimulated by their physiological state to...
  • adjustment (contract law)
    The law also allows contractual relations to be adjusted when they have been thrown out of balance by unforeseen circumstances. The task of adjustment is relatively easy in cases in which both parties made a mistake or in which one party laboured under a mistaken assumption that was, or plainly should have been, known to the other. The problem of mistake becomes more intractable when the error......
  • adjustment mechanism (economics)
    The international gold standard provided an automatic adjustment mechanism, that is, a mechanism that prevented any country from running large and persistent deficits or surpluses. It worked in the following manner. A country running a deficit would see its currency depreciate to the gold-export point. Arbitrage would then result in a gold flow from the deficit to the surplus country. In other......
  • adjutant (military official)
    (French: “camp assistant”), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon’s staff such officers were frequently of high military qualifications and acted both as his “eyes” and as interpreters of his mind to subordinate commanders, ...
  • adjutant bird (bird)
    The adjutant stork of India and southeastern Asia (Leptoptilos dubius), or adjutant bird, and the lesser adjutant (L. javanicus) are typical scavengers with naked pink skin on the head and neck....
  • adjutant general (military official)
    (French: “camp assistant”), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon’s staff such officers were frequently of high military qualifications and acted both as his “eyes” and as interpreters of his mind to subordinate commanders, ...
  • adjutant stork (bird)
    The adjutant stork of India and southeastern Asia (Leptoptilos dubius), or adjutant bird, and the lesser adjutant (L. javanicus) are typical scavengers with naked pink skin on the head and neck....
  • Adjutantenritte und andere Gedichte (work by Liliencron)
    In 1883 Liliencron published his first book, Adjutantenritte und andere Gedichte (“Rides of the Adjutant and Other Poems”). The poems in this collection broke with established literary conventions; it has been called a landmark in the development of Naturalism in Germany....
  • adjuvant (medicine)
    substance that enhances the effect of a particular medical treatment. Administration of one drug may enhance the effect of another. In anesthesia, for example, sedative drugs are customarily given before an operation to reduce the quantity of anesthetic drug needed. In immunology an adjuvant is a substance that increases the body’s reaction to a foreig...
  • adjuvant chemotherapy (pathology)
    Adjuvant chemotherapy is the use of drugs to eradicate or suppress residual disease after surgery or irradiation has been used to treat the tumour. This is necessary because distant micrometastases often occur beyond the primary tumour site. Adjuvant chemotherapy reduces the rate of recurrence of some cancers, especially ovarian cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, colon cancer, and Wilms’ tumour. T...
  • Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (law case)
    (1923), U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court invalidated a board established by Congress to set minimum wages for women workers in the District of Columbia. Congress in 1918 had authorized the Wage Board to ascertain and fix adequate wages for women employees in the nation’s capital....
  • ʿadl (Islam)
    ...Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal); the Muʿtazilī position was finally abandoned by the caliphate under al-Mutawakkil c. 849. The Muʿtazilah further stressed the justice (ʿadl) of God as their second principle. While the orthodox were concerned with the awful will of God to which each individual must submit himself without question, the Muʿtazilah.....
  • Adleman, Leonard (American mathematician)
    In 1994 Leonard Adleman, a mathematician at the University of Southern California, demonstrated the first DNA computer by solving a simple example of what is known as the traveling salesman problem. A traveling salesman problem—or, more generally, certain types of network problems in graph theory—asks for a route (or the shortest route) that begins at a certain city, or......
  • Adler, Alfred (Austrian psychiatrist)
    psychiatrist whose influential system of individual psychology introduced the term inferiority feeling, later widely and often inaccurately called inferiority complex. He developed a flexible, supportive psychotherapy to direct those emotionally disabled by inferiority feelings toward maturity, common sense, and social usefulness....
  • Adler, Buddy (American producer)
    Other Nominees...
  • Adler, Cyrus (American scholar)
    scholar, educator, editor, and Conservative Jewish leader who had great influence on American Jewish life in his time....
  • Adler, Dankmar (American architect)
    architect and engineer whose partnership with Louis Sullivan was perhaps the most famous and influential in American architecture....
  • Adler, Felix (American educator)
    American educator and founder of the Ethical Movement....
  • Adler, Friedrich (Austrian politician)
    ...Having dissolved the Bohemian Landtag (provincial assembly) in 1913, he adjourned the Austrian Reichsrat in March 1914 and governed henceforth by decree, until he was shot by the left-wing socialist Friedrich Adler in October 1916 during World War I....
  • Adler, Guido (Austrian musicologist)
    Austrian musicologist and teacher who was one of the founders of modern musicology....
  • Adler, Jacob P. (American actor)
    ...forbidden. Early the next year the Heine troupe immigrated to the United States, where Sara soon gained a following in the Yiddish theatre in New York City. In 1890 she divorced Heine and married Jacob Adler, the leading tragic actor on the American Yiddish stage. Jacob Adler, together with playwright Jacob Gordin, was undertaking to revitalize the Yiddish theatre, then overburdened by......
  • Adler, Kurt (American conductor)
    Austrian-born American conductor and administrator who transformed the San Francisco Opera into one of the nation’s leading opera companies....
  • Adler, Kurt Herbert (American conductor)
    Austrian-born American conductor and administrator who transformed the San Francisco Opera into one of the nation’s leading opera companies....
  • Adler, Larry (American musician)
    American harmonica player generally considered to be responsible for the elevation of the mouth organ to concert status in the world of classical music....
  • Adler, Laszlo James (Australian businessman)
    Hungarian-born Australian businessman, founder of the Fire and All Risks Insurance Co. (later renamed FAI Insurance, Ltd.) and one of the 10 richest men in the country....
  • Adler, Lawrence Cecil (American musician)
    American harmonica player generally considered to be responsible for the elevation of the mouth organ to concert status in the world of classical music....
  • Adler, Lawrence James (Australian businessman)
    Hungarian-born Australian businessman, founder of the Fire and All Risks Insurance Co. (later renamed FAI Insurance, Ltd.) and one of the 10 richest men in the country....
  • Adler, Lou (American record producer)
    Although he lacked the signature sound of Phil Spector or Brian Wilson, Lou Adler was an important catalyst for the new folk-rock sound of California. After working with Herb Alpert as a songwriter, producer, and artist manager at Keen and Dore Records in the late 1950s, Adler became West Coast promotion man and song-plugger for Don Kirshner’s New York City-based Aldon Music. In that capaci...
  • Adler, Mortimer J. (American philosopher and educator)
    American philosopher, educator, editor, and advocate of adult and general education by study of the great writings of the Western world....
  • Adler, Mortimer Jerome (American philosopher and educator)
    American philosopher, educator, editor, and advocate of adult and general education by study of the great writings of the Western world....
  • Adler, Nathan Marcus (British rabbi and educator)
    chief rabbi of the British Empire, who founded Jews’ College and the United Synagogue....
  • Adler, Oskar (German astrologer)
    ...which he played with his teacher or with a cousin. A little later, when he acquired a viola-playing classmate, he advanced to the writing of string trios for two violins and viola. His meeting with Oskar Adler (later the famed astrologer and author of Das Testament der Astrologie) was a decisive one. Adler encouraged him to learn the cello so that a group of friends could play string......
  • Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum
    ...which he played with his teacher or with a cousin. A little later, when he acquired a viola-playing classmate, he advanced to the writing of string trios for two violins and viola. His meeting with Oskar Adler (later the famed astrologer and author of Das Testament der Astrologie) was a decisive one. Adler encouraged him to learn the cello so that a group of friends could play string.......
  • Adler, Renata (American author and critic)
    Italian-born American journalist, experimental novelist, and film critic best known for her analytic essays and reviews for The New Yorker magazine and for her 1986 book that investigates the news media....
  • Adler, Robert (American physicist)
    Austrian-born American physicist who as head of the research division of Zenith Radio Corp. (now Zenith Electronics), invented the first practical wireless remote control device for the television set. Adler’s device, which was introduced by Zenith in 1956, relied on ultrasound radio frequencies to communicate simple commands to the TV set. Other inventions by Adler, who held almost 200 U....
  • Adler, Sara (Russian-American actress)
    Russian-born American actress, one of the most celebrated figures in the American Yiddish theatre....
  • Adler, Stella (American actress)
    American actress, teacher, and founder of the Stella Adler Conservatory of Acting in New York City (1949), where she tutored performers in “the method” technique of acting (see Stanislavsky method)....
  • Adler, Victor (Austrian politician)
    Austrian Social Democrat, founder of a party representing all the nationalities of Austria-Hungary....
  • Adlergebirge (mountains, Czech Republic)
    mountain range, a subgroup of the Sudeten mountains in northeastern Bohemia, Czech Republic, forming part of the frontier with Poland for a distance of 25 miles (40 km). The mountains are, for the most part, made up of crystalline rocks, like most of the northern highland rim of Bohemia. The highest point is Velká Deštná, at 3,658 feet (1,115 m)....
  • Adlersparre, Georg, Greve (Swedish politician)
    political and social reformer who was a leader of the 1809 coup d’état that overthrew Sweden’s absolutist king Gustav IV....
  • ʿAdlī Yakan (Egyptian statesman)
    ...third general election, in May 1926, again gave the Wafd a majority. The British opposed a return of Zaghlūl to the premiership, and the office went instead to the Liberal Constitutionalist ʿAdlī Yakan, while Zaghlūl held the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies until his death in 1927. Once again, tension developed between the parliament and the king, and in April ...
  • Adlī Yegen (Egyptian statesman)
    ...third general election, in May 1926, again gave the Wafd a majority. The British opposed a return of Zaghlūl to the premiership, and the office went instead to the Liberal Constitutionalist ʿAdlī Yakan, while Zaghlūl held the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies until his death in 1927. Once again, tension developed between the parliament and the king, and in April ...
  • ADLP (political party, Australia)
    (ADLP), right-wing political party in Australia founded in 1956–57 by Roman Catholic and other defectors from the Australian Labor Party. Militantly anticommunist, the ADLP supported Western and other anticommunist powers in Oceania and Southeast Asia and strongly backed Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. The party in effect supported th...
  • Adlumia fungosa (plant)
    Climbing fumitory (Adlumia fungosa), also known as Allegheny vine, or mountain fringe, is a sprawling, herbaceous biennial that coils its long leafstalks around supports. It reaches 3.5 m (11.5 feet) in height and has clusters of white or pinkish tubular flowers borne among delicately cut leaves. The only species of its genus, it is native to moist woodlands and freshly burned areas from......
  • ADM (chemical compound)
    ...percent of the charge and contains most of the volatile impurities. The last fraction is the pure MoO3. This must be 99.95 percent pure in order to be suitable for the manufacture of ammonium molybdate (ADM) and sodium molybdate, which are starting materials for all sorts of molybdenum chemicals. These compounds are obtained by reacting chemically pure MoO3 with......
  • ADM (American company)
    American businesswoman who was named president and CEO of the agricultural processing corporation Archer Daniels Midland Co. (ADM) in 2006....
  • ADMA-OPCO (Emirian company)
    ...Oil Company (ADNOC). Petroleum production contributes about one-third GDP but employs only a tiny fraction of the workforce. The largest petroleum concessions are held by an ADNOC subsidiary, Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO), which is partially owned by British, French, and Japanese interests. One of the main offshore fields is located in Umm al-Shāʾif.......
  • Admetus (Greek mythology)
    in Greek legend, son of Pheres, king of Pherae in Thessaly. Having sued for the hand of Alcestis, the most beautiful of the daughters of Pelias, king of Iolcos in Thessaly, Admetus was first required to harness a lion and a boar to a chariot. Apollo, who, for having killed the Cyclopes, was temporarily condemned to be a slave to Admetus, befriended him and yoked the animals for...
  • administration
    The third essential feature, a system of management, varies greatly. In a simple form of business association the members who provide the assets are entitled to participate in the management unless otherwise agreed. In the more complex form of association, such as the company or corporation of the Anglo-American common-law countries, members have no immediate right to participate in the......
  • Administration, Directorate of (United States government)
    The Directorate of Administration is responsible for the CIA’s finances and personnel matters. It also contains the Office of Security, which is responsible for the security of personnel, facilities, and information as well as for uncovering spies within the CIA....
  • Administration of Justice Act (United Kingdom [1964])
    ...lies in the metropolitan county of Greater London, the urban districts of Staines and Sunbury-on-Thames lie within the administrative county of Surrey, and Potters Bar in Hertfordshire. Under the Administration of Justice Act (1964) the Middlesex area of London was deemed a county for purposes of law. The name Middlesex continues to be used for postal districts and in the names of many county.....
  • Administration of Justice Act (Great Britain [1774])
    The third, the Administration of Justice Act, was aimed at protecting British officials charged with capital offenses during law enforcement by allowing them to go to England or another colony for trial. The fourth Coercive Act included new arrangements for housing British troops in occupied American dwellings, thus reviving the indignation that surrounded the earlier Quartering Act, which had......
  • administrative act
    the legal framework within which public administration is carried out. It derives from the need to create and develop a system of public administration under law, a concept that may be compared with the much older notion of justice under law. Since administration involves the exercise of power by the executive arm of government, administrative law is of constitutional and politi...
  • Administrative Behavior (book by Simon)
    Empirical studies of ostensibly bureaucratic organizations have often revealed a rich informal life within them that is at odds with the formal chain-of-command depictions. The classic work Administrative Behavior, originally published in 1947 from the doctoral dissertation of Herbert Simon, dissected the vintage bureaucratic paradigm and concluded that it was frequently......
  • administrative budget
    The traditional administrative budget contains the executive’s recommendations concerning the raising of what Magna Carta referred to as “scutage or aid” and the disposal of it for purposes of government. This kind of budget is designed to control expenditure; accordingly, it emphasizes the salaries and tasks of civil servants rather than the results that they are supposed to....
  • administrative city (sociology)
    Like ritual cities, administrative cities were the habitations of the state rulers. Their major cultural role was to serve as the locus of state administration. State offices and officers had an urban location, from which they exercised a political control and economic exploitation of the surrounding rural areas quite unknown in ritual cities. Administrative cities also had a qualitatively......
  • administrative county (division of government)
    ...the Local Government Act of 1888 established county councils, with members elected by local residents, to take over the legislative and executive duties of the magistrates. The act also created new administrative counties, which sometimes had different boundaries than the historic counties after which they were usually named, and created about 60 county boroughs, cities that were given county.....
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